Early African-American Poets

Institutionalized Discrimination The Unearned And...

Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unearned and discriminatory oppression of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole, through imbalanced selection or bias, intentional or unintentional; as opposed to individuals making s conscious choice to discriminate. Institutionalized discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions making a conscious choice to discriminate. It stems from systemic stereotypical beliefs such as sexist of racist beliefs that are held by the vast majority living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm. Such discrimination is typically codified into the operating procedures, policies, laws, or objectives of such institutions. Members of minority groups such as populations of African descent in the United States or members of the community are at a much higher risk of encountering these types of soc ial structural disadvantage. Among the severe and long-lasting detrimental effects of institutionalized discrimination on affected populations are increased suicide rates, suppressed attainment of wealth and decreased access to health care. Such examples of institutionalized discrimination include laws and decisions that reflect racism, such as the Plessy vs. Ferguson U.S. Supreme Court case. The verdict of this case ruled in favor of separate but equal public facilities between AfricanShow MoreRelatedMulticultural Education in a Pluralistic Society21691 Words   |  87 Pagesbehaviors. The individual is at fault for not moving up the class ladder—a phenomenon called blaming the victim. ISBN: 0-536-29978-1 48 www.prenhall.com/gollnick Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, Seventh Edition, by Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn. Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN: 0-536-29978-1 In the second view of U.S. society, distinct class divisions are recognized. Those individuals and families who

Economy of Russian Free Essays

In recent times, Russian presses have been full of articles analyzing the Russian economy and making forecasts, most of them pessimistic. Many would say the Russian economy has failed miserably in the past one hundred years. After the 1917 Revolution, an attempt was made by the Communists to create an economy based on socialist principles. We will write a custom essay sample on Economy of Russian or any similar topic only for you Order Now The thought was that the capitalist system led to a chaotic economy, cruel exploitation of workers and unemployment. The Russian socialist economy rests on the basic principles formed by Karl Marx: A centrally planned economy. This â€Å"planned economy† would be in use for the next sixty years. â€Å"In 1929-1930, under the process of collectivization, the land of Russia became state-owned and cooperatively-owned. There was no longer any private land ownership.† (Torchinsky, 48) The state became the monopolist of the economy. Economy planning bodies worked out the famous â€Å"Five-year plans.† The plans regulated everything from production of aircraft to nails and even eggs. They believed that since the means of production belonged to the state, and hence, collectively, to the people, (because a socialist state is a state belonging to the people) the state should control everything. This was to include planning, financing, and salaries. Under this system, â€Å"people are to be content and peacefully work for the benefit of society.† (Diller, 168) The Socialist economic theory assumed that people would work hard because they were working for the collective good, and hence their own good; therefore there would be no reason for them to be lazy or dishonest. Thus, the defects of capitalism would not show its face. â€Å"The five-year economic plans would make it possible to wisely distribute society†s resources and to promote development.† (Flint, 17) However, over the long term, this style of economy seems to have failed in Russia. At certain times-for instance, in restoring the national economy after World War 1, the Civil War, and World War II, â€Å"The states rigid economic monopoly achieved certain successes, but later the basic principles of socialist economic management became an insuperable obstacle blocking economic progress in the Soviet Union and in Russia.† (Flint, 12) Abolishing private ownership of businesses and land killed people†s desire to succeed or to create and increase their own property. The driving force of personal gain was absent from all work activity by the people. The socialist lifestyle assumed that tireless and selfless labor for the benefit of society would succeed. Under this system, there was no reason for the common man, or anyone who was not a fanatical supporter of socialism, to work hard or to improve or create anything. Everything disappeared into the state†s bottomless pockets. â€Å"A person could work well or badly-either way, he received the same meager wages.† (Torchinskii, 51) Many people were satisfied, but some did not work for many years, yet were still guaranteed their wages or salaries by the state. Centralized planning also had a ruinous effect. â€Å"Workers and peasants merely had to fulfill the orders passed from ‘above† regardless of their practicality.† (Hughes, 33) This sometimes resulted in goods being produced that no one needed and seed being sown into barren or frozen soil. Personal initiative was neither encouraged nor expected. As the years passed, the economic situation steadily worsened. For some time, â€Å"the country lived on ‘petrodollars† by selling oil and gas at low prices.† (Flint, 19) Rivalry in the arms race with the United States devoured tremendous wealth; plus a lot of money and energy was spent on supporting â€Å"friendly Communist regimes in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.† (Flint, 19) At the 28th Party Congress in 1991, when the delegates started talking at last about the critical economic situation and the necessity of reforms, it was already too late. â€Å"The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990†³s, and the rupture of economic ties between the former Soviet republics that once constituted an economic whole exacerbated the economic downslide, which rapidly became critical.† (Diller, 121) In the early 1990†³s, production continued to decline. Economic contacts weakened with other republics of the former Soviet Union. The balance of payments crisis increased. There was a lack of funds, especially hard currency, necessary for purchasing raw materials. â€Å"As a result of inflation, the purchasing capacity of the population fell and inventories grew.† (Torchinskii, 51) Although the situation in Russia is very difficult, positive aspects offer hope for a recovery. The privatization process in different industries is progressing, though with great difficulties. The agricultural industry is waiting for the transference of land to the peasants-a very risky step that could either save the country or ruin it completely. Russia has to create a successful agricultural base to thrive economically. â€Å"As of July 1, 1993, the number of private farms in Russia was 258,000; they occupied a territory of 27 million acres.† (Flint, 33) Most farmland is still controlled by former state farms or collectives, but now they are reconstructed to be joint-stock companies. Agricultural output and grain production has been declining since the early 1990†³s. Russia†s military defense industry includes aircraft building, rocket manufacturing, and the space industry. In all of these industries, Russia has a major place in the world market. Russia is also a leading arms producer and supplies countries all over the world. One of the most widely used assault rifles, the AK47, was even invented in Russia. â€Å"This remains the basic weapon of the Russian Army and of many other Communist countries.† (Hughes, 53) Finally, the country has immense manpower-the people who are able and want to work despite many decades of nearly losing the habit. There can be no doubt that regeneration is not far away. â€Å"Russia†s labor resources constituted 86.2 million people in 1992, or 58 percent of the population.† (Flint, 65) In 1993, this number was 85.7 million. The number of people in Russia that are actually employed has been dropping steadily since the early 1990†³s. In conclusion, the economy of Russia is by no means the epitome of a great economy, but many of the resources they have do help. Many people have tried to help boost the Russian economy, (Gorbachev, Stalin, Lenin, Yeltsin, and the Tzar) but all of them had their many moments of failures. The new â€Å"Commonwealth of Independent States† or the CIS has worked hard to make new plans for an economy that can rise to the occasion and become the best it has ever been before. With their abundance of natural resources, manpower, and knowledgeable people, Russia can become a major power quickly, but all they need is a guiding hand. How to cite Economy of Russian, Essay examples

Two Things I Would Change in the World free essay sample

Two things I would change in the world The world has become a chaotic and a challenging place to live in. It is tough to choose only two things that the world should change, that’s why I am a strong believer of chain reactions. It was in 1913, when Max Bodenstein, a German chemist, first introduced this idea. What about changing something relatively small to achieve a bigger and major change in this enormous world? It is common knowledge that environmental problems are getting worse every day. For a long time now, generations have been partially negligent about these issues. The world is the house of humanity: if we make our best to keep our houses clean and tidy, why not doing the same thing with our planet? In my opinion, hybrid cars are a huge component of the future of environmental awareness. Petrol cars should be replaced for hybrid cars. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Things I Would Change in the World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These cars are not only fuel efficient, but also they are much cleaner than normal vehicles (lesser CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions).A hybrid car uses two energy sources for its functioning: it does use gasoline, but in a much smaller amount, thanks to an electric motor, which exists for acceleration. It is true that the electricity used to charge electric vehicles comes from a  source that emmits CO2, but this CO2 production is aproximately one-half of a combustion vehicle. Then, hybrid cars are not only a way to reduce polution, but also a way to avoid the crisis after the peak oil (a peak oil is the point in time when, after the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, it declines). By making the petroleum industry dispensable, the planet would have even more advantages. First of all, oil extraction is costly. Oil spills have made huge damages on environment for years, and the planet was obliged to spend thousands of dollars in that account. Reducing spending in oil industry would allow investing in newer and safer fuels. On the other hand, HIV/AIDS is an increasing threat for world population. Recent research about a new vaccine for halting the contagion should continue.An HIV/AIDS vaccine would mean no daily treatment for diagnosed patients, and a smaller spread of the virus. In 2007-08, the first â€Å"cured† patient was introduced: the â€Å"Berlin Patient† had two stem cell transplants as a leukemia treatment, and 20 months later, HIV levels in the patient’s blood were not even detected. This is a major breakthrough in the future of AIDS. The most affected region is the Sub Saharian Africa (about 10% of children deaths are caused by AIDS, and 5% of the adult population is infected); this leads to a really low life expectancy at birth in these countries.Having many diagnosed patients in a country means  decreasing human capital, increasing medical care needs and decreasing taxable population, and that altogether reduced gross domestic product. Surpressing HIV/AIDS in emergent and developed countries would, perhaps, end with thousands of avoidable deaths each year, and consequently, would allow bigger economic growth in the poorer countries (the most affected by the virus). I have chosen these two things because, through chain rea ctions, they would bring a significant improvement in quality of life of all mankind.